Tocqueville, in his portrait of American democracy written nearly two centuries ago, identified the peculiar danger embedded in democratic governance: that the passion for equality, once unleashed, consumes every institution, custom, and restraint in its path. Equality before the law becomes equality of outcome. Equality of opportunity becomes equality of condition. The citizens of a democracy, Tocqueville warned, do not merely want to be free — they want to be assured that no one is better than they are. It is a soft, pervasive tyranny, unlike the hard despotisms of the ancient world, because it arrives not through violence but through the popular will itself.
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